Outline of The Conquest of Happiness
The Causes of Unhappiness
1. What Makes People Unhappy?
"My purpose is to suggest a cure for the ordinary
day-to-day unhappiness from which most people in civilized countries suffer,
and which is all the more unbearable because, having no obvious external cause,
it appears inescapable. I believe this unhappiness to be largely due to
mistaken views of the world, mistaken ethics, mistaken habits of life, leading
to the destruction of that natural zest and appetite for possible things upon
which all happiness, whether of men or of animals, ultimately depends."
[page 17]
2. Byronic Unhappiness
"It is common in our day, as it has been in so many
other periods of the world's history, to suppose that those among us who are
wise enough have seen through all the enthusiasms of earlier times and have
become aware that there is nothing left to live for. ... I do not myself
believe that there is any superior rationality in being unhappy. The wise man
will be as happy as circumstances permit, and if he finds the contemplation of
the universe painful beyond a point, he will contemplate something else
instead. ... I wish to persuade the reader that, whatever the arguments may be,
reason lays no embargo upon happiness." [page 24]
3. Competition
Russell paints a bleak picture of the businessman so
obsessed by competing with other businessmen for success that the rest of life
passes him by. "Success can only be one ingredient in happiness, and is
too dearly purchased if all other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain
it." [page 43]
4. Boredom and Excitement
We have come to associate boredom with unhappiness and
excitement with happiness, but Russell argues that boredom and excitement form
a separate axis entirely, having little relationship with happiness.
"Running away from enemies who are trying to take one's life is, I
imagine, unpleasant, but certainly not boring. ... The opposite of boredom, in
a word, is not pleasure, but excitement." [pages 48-49] The confusion of
excitement and happiness, and the flight from boredom that it entails, is a
chief cause of unhappiness. The cure is to teach oneself to endure boredom
without running from it.
5. Fatigue
This chapter is actually about worry. Russell believes that
such physical fatigue as people feel in the industrialized world is mostly
healthy, and that only "nervous fatigue", caused largely by worry, is
really destructive to happiness. Russell believes most worry could be avoided
by learning good thinking habits, by refusing to over-estimate the significance
of possible failures, by taking a larger perspective, and by facing fears
squarely.
6. Envy
"If you desire glory, you may envy Napoleon. But
Napoleon envied Caesar, Caesar envied Alexander, and Alexander, I dare say,
envied Hercules, who never existed. You cannot therefore get away from envy by
means of success alone. ... You can get away from envy by enjoying the
pleasures that come your way, by doing the work that you have to do, and by
avoiding comparisons with those whom you imagine, perhaps quite falsely, to be
more fortunate than yourself." [pages 71-72]
7. The Sense of Sin
Traditional religion, in Russell's view, has saddled us with
an ascetic moral code that will make us unhappy if we keep it (by denying us
joy in life) and also if we break it (by causing us guilt). The only solution
is to root this moral code out of our unconscious, and replace it with a code
less inimical to human happiness.
8. Persecution Mania
This is probably the most amusing chapter of the book, as
Russell uses his droll wit to puncture human self-importance. "My purpose
in this chapter is to suggest some general reflections by means of which each
individual can detect in himself the elements of persecution mania (from which
almost everybody suffers in a greater or less degree), and having detected
them, can eliminate them. This is an important part of the conquest of
happiness, since it is quite impossible to be happy if we feel that everybody
ill-treats us." [page 90]
9. Fear of Public Opinion
"Very few people can be happy unless on the whole their
way of life and their outlook on the world is approved by those with whom they
have social relations, and more especially by those with whom they live."
[page 100] Fortunately the modern world gives us some choice about where we
live and who our friends will be.
The Causes of Happiness
In general, the second half of Conquest is not as impressive
as the first. Not only is this section shorter than the first, but Russell has
more of a tendency to ramble. These rambles can be entertaining, but they are
usually not very informative. I am left with the impression that the causes of
happiness remain mysterious to Russell. Once the obstacles to happiness are
removed, happiness just happens -- somehow.
10. Is Happiness Still Possible?
"Fundamental happiness depends more than anything else
upon what may be called a friendly interest in persons and things. ... The kind
[of interest in persons] that makes for happiness is the kind that likes to
observe people and finds pleasure in their individual traits, that wishes to
afford scope for the interests and pleasures of those with whom it is brought
into contact without desiring to acquire power over them or to secure their
enthusiastic admiration. The person whose attitude towards others is genuinely
of this kind will be a source of happiness and a recipient of reciprocal
kindness. ... To like many people spontaneously and without effort is perhaps
the greatest of all sources of personal happiness." [pages 121-122]
11. Zest
Zest is the x-factor that causes us to be interested in
life. Russell has little to say about what zest is or how to obtain it. He does
argue against those who would devalue zest by claiming that it is a mark of
superior taste not to be interested in vulgar or lowbrow subjects. "All
disenchantment is to me a malady which ... is to be cured as soon as possible,
not to be regarded as a higher form of wisdom. Suppose one man likes
strawberries and another does not; in what respect is the latter superior?
There is no abstract and impersonal proof that strawberries are good or that
they are not good. To the man who likes them they are good, to the man who
dislikes them they are not. But the man who likes them has a pleasure which the
other does not have; to that extent his life is more enjoyable and he is better
adapted to the world in which both must live." [page 125]
12. Affection
"One of the chief causes of lack of zest is the feeling
that one is unloved, whereas conversely the feeling of being loved promotes
zest more than anything else does." [page 137] Unfortunately, considering
the importance of affection to happiness, this chapter is almost completely
descriptive rather than prescriptive. Russell describes the types of affection
and evaluates their effects, but gives little advice about how to either give
or get higher quality affection.
13. The Family
"Of all the institutions that have come down to us from
the past none is in the present day so disorganized and derailed as the family.
Affection of parents for children and of children for parents is capable of
being one of the greatest sources of happiness, but in fact at the present day
the relations of parents and children are, in nine cases out of ten, a source
of unhappiness to both parties, and in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred a
source of unhappiness to at least one of the two parties. This failure of the
family to provide the fundamental satisfactions which in principle it is
capable of yielding is one of the most deep-seated causes of the discontent
which is prevalent in our age." [page 145]
14. Work
"Whether work should be placed among the causes of
happiness or the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful
question." [page 162] Russell places it among the causes of happiness for
a number of reasons:
1. It passes time.
2. It provides an
opportunity for success.
3. The work itself
may be interesting.
15. Impersonal Interests
Certain interests are central to a person's conception of
his/her life: career, family, and so forth. In this chapter Russell asserts the
value of having interests that are not central, that have no effect on the
major issues of life. Such hobbies and pastimes serve two purposes: (1) They
provide an escape from larger worries, and distract the conscious mind so that
the unconscious can work productively toward a solution. (2) They provide a
reserve pool of interest in life, so that if disaster or a series of disasters
destroy the pillars that support our central interests, we will have the
possibility of growing new central interests.
This chapter contains an important tangential discussion of
"greatness of soul" which I discuss under the Transcending Personal
Hopes and Interests theme.
16. Effort and Resignation
What Russell calls resignation is more popularly referred to
these days as acceptance. The question discussed in this chapter is basically:
Should we try to change the world or accept it the way it is? Russell takes a
middle position, roughly equivalent to the Serenity Prayer.
17. The Happy Man
In the final chapter Russell comes back to his main point:
attention should be focused outward, not inward. "It is not the nature of
most men to be happy in a prison, and the passions which shut us up in
ourselves constitute one of the worst kinds of prisons. Among such passions
some of the commonest are fear, envy, the sense of sin, self-pity and
self-admiration. In all these our desires are centered upon ourselves: there is
no genuine interest in the outer world, but only a concern lest it should in
some way injure us or fail to feed our ego." [page 187]